線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)切割(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床（WirecuectricalDischargeMachining簡稱(cheng)(cheng)WEDM），屬電(dian)(dian)加(jia)工(gong)范疇，是(shi)(shi)由前蘇聯拉(la)扎林(lin)科夫婦(fu)研究開關觸點受(shou)火(huo)(huo)花放電(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)損壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)和(he)原因(yin)時，發現(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)花的(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬時高溫(wen)可以(yi)使(shi)局部的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬熔化(hua)(hua)、氧化(hua)(hua)而(er)被(bei)(bei)腐(fu)蝕(shi)掉，從而(er)開創和(he)發明(ming)了(le)電(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)花加(jia)工(gong)方法。線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)切割(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也于(yu)(yu)1960年發明(ming)于(yu)(yu)前蘇聯，我國是(shi)(shi)*個(ge)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)工(gong)業生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)國家。其基本(ben)物理(li)原理(li)是(shi)(shi)自由正(zheng)離(li)子和(he)電(dian)(dian)子在場(chang)中(zhong)積累，很快形成(cheng)(cheng)一個(ge)被(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)通(tong)道。在這個(ge)階段，兩板(ban)間(jian)(jian)形成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)流。導致粒子間(jian)(jian)發生(sheng)無數(shu)次碰撞，形成(cheng)(cheng)一個(ge)等離(li)子區，并很快升高到8000到12000度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高溫(wen)，在兩導體表面瞬間(jian)(jian)熔化(hua)(hua)一些材(cai)料，同時，由于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)極和(he)電(dian)(dian)介液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)化(hua)(hua)，形成(cheng)(cheng)一個(ge)氣泡(pao)，并且它的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力規則上升直到非常高。然后(hou)電(dian)(dian)流中(zhong)斷(duan)，溫(wen)度(du)(du)突然降低(di)，引起氣泡(pao)內向爆炸(zha)，產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動力把(ba)溶化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物質拋出彈坑(keng)，然后(hou)被(bei)(bei)腐(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料在電(dian)(dian)介液(ye)中(zhong)重新凝結成(cheng)(cheng)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)球體，并被(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)介液(ye)排走(zou)。然后(hou)通(tong)過(guo)NC控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)測和(he)管控(kong)，伺服(fu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構執行，使(shi)這種(zhong)放電(dian)(dian)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)均勻一致，從而(er)達到加(jia)工(gong)物被(bei)(bei)加(jia)工(gong)，使(shi)之成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)合乎要求(qiu)之尺寸大小及形狀精度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產品。電(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)花線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)切割(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)走(zou)絲速度(du)(du)可分為(wei)高速往復走(zou)絲電(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)花線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)切割(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（ReciprocatingtypeHighSpeedWirecuectricalDischargeMachining俗(su)(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)“線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)切割(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床"）、低(di)速單(dan)向走(zou)絲電(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)花線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)切割(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（LowSpeedone-waywalkWirecuectricalDischargeMachining俗(su)(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)“慢(man)走(zou)絲"）和(he)立(li)(li)式(shi)自旋轉電(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)花線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)切割(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（VerticalWireElectricalDischargeMachiningmachinetoolWithRotationWire）三類。又可按(an)工(gong)作臺形式(shi)分成(cheng)(cheng)單(dan)立(li)(li)柱十字工(gong)作臺型和(he)雙(shuang)立(li)(li)柱型（俗(su)(su)稱(cheng)(cheng)龍門型）。

線切割機床發展歷(li)程

控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自20世紀(ji)60年(nian)(nian)代(dai)后(hou)期(qi)至70年(nian)(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)期(qi)，我(wo)國高(gao)(gao)速(su)走絲(si)線切(qie)(qie)割(ge)(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床的(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)專用(yong)(yong)工(gong)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)(yong)晶體(ti)管(guan)(guan)分立元件組成門電(dian)路，再由(you)門電(dian)路組成寄存器、輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器、運算器、輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器等，加工(gong)程序則通過扳鍵開關手(shou)(shou)工(gong)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入，或(huo)(huo)通過光(guang)電(dian)閱讀機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從穿孔紙帶讀入，采用(yong)(yong)輝光(guang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)碼管(guan)(guan)和(he)氖燈顯示計(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)長度以及(ji)X、Y坐(zuo)標值（二進(jin)(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)）。進(jin)(jin)入20世紀(ji)70年(nian)(nian)代(dai)后(hou)期(qi)，數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)已過渡到以中(zhong)、大規模集(ji)成電(dian)路芯片為(wei)(wei)主的(de)電(dian)路。基本原理和(he)結構(gou)雖然未改變，但功(gong)能(neng)得到加強，可靠性也提高(gao)(gao)了。它的(de)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入仍然有(you)手(shou)(shou)工(gong)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入（扳鍵或(huo)(huo)按鍵）和(he)紙帶輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入（電(dian)報機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)頭）兩(liang)種方(fang)式，指示有(you)熒光(guang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)碼管(guan)(guan)和(he)發(fa)光(guang)二極管(guan)(guan)形式。該類產品(pin)一(yi)直到80年(nian)(nian)代(dai)末都在使用(yong)(yong)。隨著單板微型計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（將CPU、RAM、ROM、輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出接口(kou)裝在一(yi)塊印(yin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)路板上的(de)計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，簡(jian)稱單板機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）的(de)出現，高(gao)(gao)速(su)走絲(si)線切(qie)(qie)割(ge)(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器大量使用(yong)(yong)以Z-80為(wei)(wei)微機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處理器的(de)單板機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，真正實現了功(gong)能(neng)強的(de)目標。對于簡(jian)易數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)來(lai)說，這是(shi)一(yi)個輝煌(huang)的(de)時期(qi)，在其它相(xiang)關行(xing)業的(de)發(fa)展促(cu)進(jin)(jin)下，使數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)高(gao)(gao)速(su)電(dian)火花線切(qie)(qie)割(ge)(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)得到了迅速(su)的(de)普及(ji)。

到(dao)20世紀(ji)90年代，數(shu)(shu)控(kong)系統以8051系列單片機(ji)(ji)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)都具(ju)有(you)(you)圖形縮放、齒隙補償、短路回退(tui)、斷絲保(bao)護、停(ting)電記憶(yi)、自動(dong)(dong)對(dui)中、加工結束自動(dong)(dong)停(ting)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)功能(neng)，并有(you)(you)錐度(du)切割功能(neng)。帶顯(xian)示器(qi)的(de)編程(cheng)、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一體機(ji)(ji)也(ye)已開始使用(yong)(yong)，只(zhi)是所編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)程(cheng)序，不能(neng)直接傳輸(shu)到(dao)其它控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臺上，但有(you)(you)配備打(da)印機(ji)(ji)、紙帶穿孔(kong)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)外部設(she)備，而且也(ye)只(zhi)能(neng)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)單臺機(ji)(ji)床。隨(sui)著計(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)的(de)迅速(su)發展和普及(ji)，采用(yong)(yong)臺式(shi)微型計(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)（包括工控(kong)機(ji)(ji)），能(neng)夠控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)別獨立工作(zuo)的(de)幾臺機(ji)(ji)床。在允許數(shu)(shu)量范圍內，增加機(ji)(ji)床只(zhi)需增加控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卡。各機(ji)(ji)床的(de)工作(zuo)狀態，可通(tong)過切換(huan)(huan)畫面分(fen)別監視(shi)。這樣不僅節(jie)約了(le)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統的(de)成本，又利用(yong)(yong)了(le)計(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)強大(da)的(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)存取能(neng)力。自動(dong)(dong)編程(cheng)系統功能(neng)在不斷增強，編程(cheng)方式(shi)也(ye)多(duo)種多(duo)樣，有(you)(you)指令輸(shu)入、作(zuo)圖法、掃描法、CAD文檔轉換(huan)(huan)等(deng)，還可通(tong)過U盤、網絡等(deng)接口、通(tong)信進行數(shu)(shu)據(ju)交換(huan)(huan)。避(bi)免了(le)手工輸(shu)入程(cheng)序、繪圖低效(xiao)率(lv)和帶來的(de)差錯。

目前，快走絲線切(qie)割(ge)技術的(de)(de)(de)發展已走向明朗化(hua)，在保持(chi)往復走絲線切(qie)割(ge)優點的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，不斷的(de)(de)(de)探(tan)索和研究，把新的(de)(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)、新的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法，應用到新的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統中。新一代控制(zhi)系(xi)統將會更(geng)穩(wen)定(ding)、更(geng)實用、更(geng)簡單、更(geng)方(fang)便。